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processing of results

  • 1 analyse des résultats

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > analyse des résultats

  • 2 обработка результатов

    1) Advertising: processing of results
    2) Science: elaboration

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обработка результатов

  • 3 analyse

    analyse [analiz]
    feminine noun
       a. ( = examen) analysis
       b. (médical) test
    • analyse de sang/d'urine blood/urine test
       c. (Psychology, psychiatry) analysis
    * * *
    analiz
    1) gén ( examen) analysis

    faire l'analyse de quelque chose — to analyse [BrE] something

    2) Médecine test
    3) Mathématique ( discipline) calculus
    4) Psychologie psychoanalysis

    faire une analyse, être en analyse — [patient] to be in analysis

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    analiz nf
    2) MÉDECINE test
    * * *
    analyse nf
    1 gén ( examen) analysis; analyse politique/financière political/financial analysis; ton analyse de la situation est très juste your analysis of the situation is very accurate; analyse d'un produit/d'une substance analysis of a product/of a substance; faire l'analyse de qch to analyseGB sth; en dernière analyse in the final analysis; avoir l'esprit d'analyse to have an analytical mind;
    2 Méd test; elle s'est fait faire des analyses she's had tests done;
    3 Math ( discipline) calculus;
    4 Psych psychoanalysis; faire une analyse, être en analyse to be in analysis.
    analyse combinatoire combinatorial analysis; analyse économique economic analysis; analyse fonctionnelle functional analysis; analyse grammaticale parsing; faire l'analyse grammaticale d'une phrase to parse a sentence; analyse harmonique harmonic analysis; analyse logique clause analysis; analyse numérique numerical analysis; analyse organique organic analysis; analyse de sang blood test; analyse spectrale spectrum analysis; analyse transactionnelle transactional analysis; analyse d'urine urine test; analyse de la valeur value engineering; analyse vectorielle vector analysis.
    [analiz] nom féminin
    1. [étude] analysis
    l'analyse des faits montre que... an examination of the facts shows that...
    analyse logique/grammaticale GRAMMAIRE sentence/grammatical analysis
    analyse fonctionnelle functional ou systems analysis
    6. CHIMIE & MATHÉMATIQUES analysis

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > analyse

  • 4 postprocesamiento

    Nota: Cualquier tarea relacionada con la manipulación de la información obtenida de una fuente bibliográfica.
    Ex. Downloading and post-processing of information retrieved from on-line data bases adds to the value of search results.
    * * *
    Nota: Cualquier tarea relacionada con la manipulación de la información obtenida de una fuente bibliográfica.

    Ex: Downloading and post-processing of information retrieved from on-line data bases adds to the value of search results.

    Spanish-English dictionary > postprocesamiento

  • 5 cada vez más

    more and more
    ————————
    more and more, increasingly
    ————————
    more and more, increasingly
    * * *
    * * *
    = ever-growing, ever-increasing, increasingly, more and more, progressively, ever more, mushrooming, ever greater, in increasing numbers, increasing
    Ex. To gauge the full impact on the BNB one must add to these Arabic publications half a dozen books in Kurdish, not forgetting the ever-growing list of translations of oriental works.
    Ex. Up to and including the fourteenth edition progress led to ever-increasing detail.
    Ex. Smaller libraries may increasingly use the Concise AACR2, and here again the recommendations are not always precisely consistent with AACR2.
    Ex. The tell-tale sign that an institution is no longer serving its initial function is that its energies are more and more consumed by is efforts to preserve and maintain its structure.
    Ex. After a variety of progressively more responsible positions at LC, he was promoted in 1964 to Associate Director of the Processing Department.
    Ex. As costs continue to rise and funds remain limited, the importance of spending each acquisitions dollar wisely becomes ever more apparent.
    Ex. The position of the library as source provider has been eroded in an age of information explosions and mushrooming technology.
    Ex. The results has been an ever greater obfuscation of what constitutes the profession of librarianship.
    Ex. Libraries are beginning to recognize that customers have choices for their information needs nd that some of these choices are drawing customers away from the library in increasing numbers, and perhaps for good.
    Ex. The final order on the shelves is the reverse of this, so that an order of increasing speciality is achieved.
    * * *
    = ever-growing, ever-increasing, increasingly, more and more, progressively, ever more, mushrooming, ever greater, in increasing numbers, increasing

    Ex: To gauge the full impact on the BNB one must add to these Arabic publications half a dozen books in Kurdish, not forgetting the ever-growing list of translations of oriental works.

    Ex: Up to and including the fourteenth edition progress led to ever-increasing detail.
    Ex: Smaller libraries may increasingly use the Concise AACR2, and here again the recommendations are not always precisely consistent with AACR2.
    Ex: The tell-tale sign that an institution is no longer serving its initial function is that its energies are more and more consumed by is efforts to preserve and maintain its structure.
    Ex: After a variety of progressively more responsible positions at LC, he was promoted in 1964 to Associate Director of the Processing Department.
    Ex: As costs continue to rise and funds remain limited, the importance of spending each acquisitions dollar wisely becomes ever more apparent.
    Ex: The position of the library as source provider has been eroded in an age of information explosions and mushrooming technology.
    Ex: The results has been an ever greater obfuscation of what constitutes the profession of librarianship.
    Ex: Libraries are beginning to recognize that customers have choices for their information needs nd that some of these choices are drawing customers away from the library in increasing numbers, and perhaps for good.
    Ex: The final order on the shelves is the reverse of this, so that an order of increasing speciality is achieved.

    Spanish-English dictionary > cada vez más

  • 6 completo

    adj.
    1 complete, entire, integral, uncut.
    2 complete, total, exhaustive, out-and-out.
    3 complete, full-length, all-inclusive, all-round.
    4 complete, concluded, done, finished.
    5 square, hearty.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: completar.
    * * *
    1 (terminado) finished, completed
    2 (lleno) full
    \
    al completo full up, filled to capacity
    por completo completely
    * * *
    (f. - completa)
    adj.
    2) full
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (=entero) [dieta] balanced; [colección] complete; [texto, informe] full, complete; [felicidad] complete, total; [panorama] full
    jornada 1), obra 2), b), pensión 3)
    2) (=lleno) full; [hotel] full, fully booked

    completo — [en pensión, hostal] no vacancies; [en taquilla] sold out

    al completo: el tren está al completo — the train is full

    3) (=total) [éxito, fracaso] complete, total

    por completo — [desaparecer, desconocer] completely

    su partido apoyaba por completo la iniciativa — his party fully supported the initiative, his party gave its full support to the initiative

    4) (=terminado)
    5) (=bien hecho)

    este libro es pequeño, pero bastante completo — this book is small, but quite comprehensive

    6) (=polifacético) [actor, deportista] all-round
    2.
    SM Chile hot dog ( with salad)
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( entero) complete
    b) (total, absoluto) complete, total
    c) ( exhaustivo) < explicación> detailed; <obra/diccionario> comprehensive; <tesis/ensayo> thorough
    d) <deportista/actor> complete, very versatile
    2) ( lleno) full

    completo — ( en hostal) no vacancies; ( en taquilla) sold out

    II
    masculino (Chi) hot dog (with all the trimmings)
    * * *
    = complete, comprehensive, entire, exhaustive, full [fuller -comp., fullest -sup.], full-blown, full-bodied, full-featured, full-fledged, full-length, full-scale, full-service, thorough, total, well-rounded, end to end, supine, enriched, all-round, whole, utter, all-inclusive, fully formed, fully featured, the works!, unmitigaged, fully blown.
    Ex. The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.
    Ex. One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex. Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex. The enumeration of isolates should be exhaustive or complete for the subject area.
    Ex. Since recall goes up as precision goes down, it is clearly not possible to achieve in general a system which gives full recall at the same time as full precision.
    Ex. Reference transactions can range from the ready-reference, or short-answer question, to the full-blown research inquiry to establish methodology.
    Ex. By adulthood the child's literary consciousness has grown into a full-bodied appreciation of the work of the great imaginative writers.
    Ex. The EPIC service is a full-featured on-line reference system that provides subject access, and keyword and Boolean searching to a variety of databases.
    Ex. Once the functional and informal network seeks to widen its influence, it becomes a full-fledged institution.
    Ex. Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.
    Ex. Obviously, staff will have to be instructed in the use of the new system, be it word processing or a full-scale circulation system.
    Ex. In other words, they want us to start from scratch and come up with a plan for a full-service center, which might then be used as a model for the other regional centers.
    Ex. Timely and thorough planning is essential.
    Ex. This situation requires a very skilled information worker if total disaster is to be avoided.
    Ex. This has produced the matriarchal system in society on the one hand, and well-rounded libraries organized under the slogan 'Libraries are for wallowing in' on the other.
    Ex. Next morning the heap, now damp right through, was set up on one end of the horse (later called the bank), a bench long enough to take two piles of paper end to end, and about as high as the coffin of the press.
    Ex. 'I was saying that we shouldn't have a supine acceptance for temporary limitations'.
    Ex. Union Catalogues may also decide that they need more enriched records because of specific needs.
    Ex. The finest and most influential of these French italics were the work of Robert Granjon, an artist of the stature of his countryman and near-contemporary Garamont and one of the greatest all-round type designers of any period.
    Ex. One of them will take instructions and data from a whole roomful of girls armed with simple keyboard punches.
    Ex. There is little to be said for this grudging acceptance or utter rejection of pseudonyms.
    Ex. It is not an all-inclusive listing of materials on this topic.
    Ex. The film's supple structure, surprisingly light touch, and bravura performances make it perhaps the most fully formed, half-hearted goof ever.
    Ex. The technology has matured sufficiently that it's now cheap and relatively easy to set up a fully featured repository in quite a short time.
    Ex. Whole cities laid to waste, heroes falling in battle, death of gods, the works!.
    Ex. Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex. This time it's a hairline fracture rather than a fully blown break of a metatarsal, however the result is the same.
    ----
    * alojamiento en régimen de pensión completa = full-board accommodation.
    * a tiempo completo = full-time.
    * base de datos completa = full-provision database.
    * base de datos de texto completo = full text database.
    * catalogación completa = full cataloguing.
    * catálogo de obras completas = back catalogue.
    * curso a tiempo completo = full-time course.
    * de forma completa = in full.
    * de página completa = full-page.
    * de pantalla completa = full-screen.
    * detenerse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * edición completa = full edition.
    * el + Nombre + más completo = the + Nombre + to end all + Nombre.
    * estar al completo = overbook.
    * fuego + destruir por completo = fire + gut.
    * información de texto completo = full-text information.
    * letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.
    * nombre completo = full name.
    * obras completas = collected works.
    * pagar por completo = pay off.
    * pantalla de información completa = full information display, full information screen.
    * pararse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * pensión completa = food and board, bed and board, full board, full-board accommodation.
    * por completo = fully.
    * ser completo = be all inclusive.
    * texto completo = full text.
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( entero) complete
    b) (total, absoluto) complete, total
    c) ( exhaustivo) < explicación> detailed; <obra/diccionario> comprehensive; <tesis/ensayo> thorough
    d) <deportista/actor> complete, very versatile
    2) ( lleno) full

    completo — ( en hostal) no vacancies; ( en taquilla) sold out

    II
    masculino (Chi) hot dog (with all the trimmings)
    * * *
    = complete, comprehensive, entire, exhaustive, full [fuller -comp., fullest -sup.], full-blown, full-bodied, full-featured, full-fledged, full-length, full-scale, full-service, thorough, total, well-rounded, end to end, supine, enriched, all-round, whole, utter, all-inclusive, fully formed, fully featured, the works!, unmitigaged, fully blown.

    Ex: The main entry is the complete catalogue record of the document.

    Ex: One of the factors to consider in the selection of a data base is whether the data base is comprehensive or not.
    Ex: Plainly such representative sections may not be present in many documents, but sometimes an extract from the results, conclusions or recommendations of a document may serve to identify the key issues covered by the entire document.
    Ex: The enumeration of isolates should be exhaustive or complete for the subject area.
    Ex: Since recall goes up as precision goes down, it is clearly not possible to achieve in general a system which gives full recall at the same time as full precision.
    Ex: Reference transactions can range from the ready-reference, or short-answer question, to the full-blown research inquiry to establish methodology.
    Ex: By adulthood the child's literary consciousness has grown into a full-bodied appreciation of the work of the great imaginative writers.
    Ex: The EPIC service is a full-featured on-line reference system that provides subject access, and keyword and Boolean searching to a variety of databases.
    Ex: Once the functional and informal network seeks to widen its influence, it becomes a full-fledged institution.
    Ex: Plays and music performances put on by staff and children require less arduous preparation than a full-length public performance.
    Ex: Obviously, staff will have to be instructed in the use of the new system, be it word processing or a full-scale circulation system.
    Ex: In other words, they want us to start from scratch and come up with a plan for a full-service center, which might then be used as a model for the other regional centers.
    Ex: Timely and thorough planning is essential.
    Ex: This situation requires a very skilled information worker if total disaster is to be avoided.
    Ex: This has produced the matriarchal system in society on the one hand, and well-rounded libraries organized under the slogan 'Libraries are for wallowing in' on the other.
    Ex: Next morning the heap, now damp right through, was set up on one end of the horse (later called the bank), a bench long enough to take two piles of paper end to end, and about as high as the coffin of the press.
    Ex: 'I was saying that we shouldn't have a supine acceptance for temporary limitations'.
    Ex: Union Catalogues may also decide that they need more enriched records because of specific needs.
    Ex: The finest and most influential of these French italics were the work of Robert Granjon, an artist of the stature of his countryman and near-contemporary Garamont and one of the greatest all-round type designers of any period.
    Ex: One of them will take instructions and data from a whole roomful of girls armed with simple keyboard punches.
    Ex: There is little to be said for this grudging acceptance or utter rejection of pseudonyms.
    Ex: It is not an all-inclusive listing of materials on this topic.
    Ex: The film's supple structure, surprisingly light touch, and bravura performances make it perhaps the most fully formed, half-hearted goof ever.
    Ex: The technology has matured sufficiently that it's now cheap and relatively easy to set up a fully featured repository in quite a short time.
    Ex: Whole cities laid to waste, heroes falling in battle, death of gods, the works!.
    Ex: Only Bush could take a horrible situation and create an unmitigated disaster.
    Ex: This time it's a hairline fracture rather than a fully blown break of a metatarsal, however the result is the same.
    * alojamiento en régimen de pensión completa = full-board accommodation.
    * a tiempo completo = full-time.
    * base de datos completa = full-provision database.
    * base de datos de texto completo = full text database.
    * catalogación completa = full cataloguing.
    * catálogo de obras completas = back catalogue.
    * curso a tiempo completo = full-time course.
    * de forma completa = in full.
    * de página completa = full-page.
    * de pantalla completa = full-screen.
    * detenerse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * dominar por completo = sweep + the board.
    * edición completa = full edition.
    * el + Nombre + más completo = the + Nombre + to end all + Nombre.
    * estar al completo = overbook.
    * fuego + destruir por completo = fire + gut.
    * información de texto completo = full-text information.
    * letra cuya impresión en papel no está completa = broken letter.
    * nombre completo = full name.
    * obras completas = collected works.
    * pagar por completo = pay off.
    * pantalla de información completa = full information display, full information screen.
    * pararse por completo = come to + a standstill, be at a standstill.
    * pensión completa = food and board, bed and board, full board, full-board accommodation.
    * por completo = fully.
    * ser completo = be all inclusive.
    * texto completo = full text.

    * * *
    completo1 -ta
    A
    esta baraja no está completa this deck isn't complete, there's a card/there are some cards missing from this deck
    las obras completas de Neruda the complete works of Neruda
    la serie completa the whole series
    la gama más completa the fullest o most complete range
    2 (total, absoluto) complete, total
    no hay felicidad completa there's no such thing as complete happiness
    por completo completely
    lo olvidé por completo I completely forgot about it, I forgot all about it
    3
    (exhaustivo): una explicación muy completa a very full o detailed explanation
    uno de los diccionarios más completos one of the most comprehensive dictionaries
    un trabajo muy completo a very thorough piece of work
    4 ‹deportista/actor› complete, very versatile
    B (lleno) full
    el tren iba completo the train was full
    el hotel está completo the hotel is full o fully booked
    [ S ] completo (en un hostal) no vacancies; (en una taquilla) sold out
    ( Chi)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo completar: ( conjugate completar)

    completo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    completó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    completar    
    completo
    completar ( conjugate completar) verbo transitivo

    b) (AmL) ‹cuestionario/impreso› to complete, fill out o in

    completo
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    1


    b) (total, absoluto) complete, total;



    ‹obra/diccionario› comprehensive;
    ‹tesis/ensayo› thorough
    d) ‹deportista/actor› complete, very versatile

    2 ( lleno) ‹vagón/hotel› full;
    ( on signs) completo ( en hostal) no vacancies;
    ( en taquilla) sold out
    completar verbo transitivo to complete
    completo,-a adjetivo
    1 (entero, total) complete
    2 (lleno) full
    3 (versátil) versatile, complete
    4 (exhaustivo) comprehensive
    ♦ Locuciones: al completo, full up o to capacity
    por completo, completely
    ' completo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    absoluta
    - absoluto
    - acabada
    - acabado
    - calcinar
    - completa
    - entera
    - entero
    - íntegra
    - íntegro
    - parcial
    - plena
    - pleno
    - radical
    - tiempo
    - toda
    - todo
    - alimento
    - integral
    - trabajar
    - trabajo
    English:
    book up
    - clam up
    - clean
    - collected
    - complete
    - completely
    - dedication
    - entirely
    - envelop
    - forge
    - full
    - full-time
    - groundwork
    - outright
    - slip
    - stranglehold
    - strength
    - utter
    - all
    - book
    - capacity
    - comprehensive
    - reversal
    - strict
    - uncut
    * * *
    completo, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [entero] complete;
    nombre completo full name;
    las obras completas de un autor the complete works of an author;
    vino toda la familia al completo the entire family came
    2. [lleno] full;
    [en cartel] [hotel] no vacancies; [aparcamiento] full; [en taquilla] sold out
    el vagón está o [m5] va completo the Br carriage o US car is full;
    todos los hoteles de la ciudad están al completo all the hotels in town are full
    3. [perfecto] complete;
    un deportista muy completo an all-round athlete o Br sportsman;
    un espectáculo muy completo a very well-rounded production
    4. [rotundo] complete;
    un completo silencio complete o total silence;
    fue un completo éxito/fracaso it was a complete success/a complete o total failure;
    es un completo caballero he's an absolute o the complete gentleman;
    es un completo mentiroso he's a complete liar
    5. CSur [café, té, chocolate] = served with toast, butter, cakes and pastries
    ♦ nm
    Chile = hot dog with all the trimmings
    ♦ por completo loc adv
    completely;
    han desaparecido por completo they have completely disappeared;
    se dedica por completo a la música she devotes herself full-time to music
    * * *
    adj complete; autobús, teatro full;
    por completo completely;
    al completo whole, entire
    * * *
    completo, -ta adj
    1) : complete
    2) : perfect, absolute
    3) : full, detailed
    * * *
    1. (entero) complete
    2. (lleno) full

    Spanish-English dictionary > completo

  • 7 indeterminado

    adj.
    undetermined, abstract, indefinite, uncertain.
    * * *
    1 (gen) indeterminate; (en tiempo, número) indefinite
    2 (impreciso) vague
    \
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=impreciso) indeterminate; [resultado] inconclusive
    2) (=indefinido) indefinite
    3) [persona] irresolute
    4) (Ling) indefinite
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) ( indefinido) indefinite
    b) ( no establecido) undetermined
    c) (vago, impreciso) <contorno/forma> indeterminate
    d) (Ling) indefinite
    * * *
    = undefined, unknown, indeterminate.
    Ex. The flexibilities possible with machine processing will, at some time in the undefined future, obviate most of the problems not addressed.
    Ex. Works with unknown or uncertain personal authorship, or works emanating from a body that lacks a name are to be entered under title.
    Ex. Results from use surveys indicated that stock could be divided into 3 types: live; dead; and indeterminate.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo
    a) ( indefinido) indefinite
    b) ( no establecido) undetermined
    c) (vago, impreciso) <contorno/forma> indeterminate
    d) (Ling) indefinite
    * * *
    = undefined, unknown, indeterminate.

    Ex: The flexibilities possible with machine processing will, at some time in the undefined future, obviate most of the problems not addressed.

    Ex: Works with unknown or uncertain personal authorship, or works emanating from a body that lacks a name are to be entered under title.
    Ex: Results from use surveys indicated that stock could be divided into 3 types: live; dead; and indeterminate.

    * * *
    1 (indefinido) indefinite
    se han declarado en huelga por tiempo indeterminado they have gone on indefinite strike
    2 (no establecido) undetermined
    3 (vago, impreciso) ‹contorno/forma› indeterminate
    4 ( Ling) indefinite
    * * *

    indeterminado
    ◊ -da adjetivo




    c) (vago, impreciso) ‹contorno/forma› indeterminate

    d) (Ling) indefinite

    indeterminado,-a adjetivo
    1 indefinite; vague
    un número indeterminado de personas, an uncertain number of people
    2 Ling indefinite
    ' indeterminado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bulto
    - indeterminada
    - nuestra
    - nuestro
    - tal
    - tiempo
    - alguno
    - día
    English:
    N
    - unspecified
    - indeterminate
    * * *
    indeterminado, -a adj
    1. [sin determinar] indeterminate;
    2. [impreciso] vague
    3. Gram
    artículo indeterminado indefinite article
    * * *
    adj indeterminate; ( indefinido) indefinite
    * * *
    indeterminado, -da adj
    1) indefinido: indefinite
    2) : indeterminate

    Spanish-English dictionary > indeterminado

  • 8 participar

    v.
    1 to take part, to participate.
    participaron diez corredores/equipos (finance) ten runners/teams took part o participated
    todo el mundo participó con entusiasmo en la limpieza del río everyone joined in enthusiastically in cleaning up the river
    Ese diplomático figuró en el seminario That diplomat took part in the...
    2 to receive a share.
    3 to notify, to inform, to let know.
    * * *
    1 (tomar parte - en una conversación) to participate, take part; (- en un proyecto) to take part; (- en un torneo) to enter, take part
    2 (compartir) to share (de, -)
    3 FINANZAS to have a share
    1 (notificar) to notify, inform
    * * *
    verb
    1) to take part, participate
    2) share, have a share
    * * *
    1. VI
    1) (=tomar parte) to take part, participate frm

    participar en un concurso — to take part o participate in a competition

    2) (Econ)

    participar de o en una herencia — to share in an estate

    3) (=compartir)

    participar de una cualidad/opinión — to share a quality/an opinion

    2.
    VT frm (=informar) to inform
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)

    participar (EN algo) — to take part (in something), participate (in something) (frml)

    2) ( en ganancias) to have a share; ( en empresa) to have a stockholding; ( en lotería)
    3) ( compartir) (frml)

    participar DE algo — de una opinión/un sentimiento to share something

    2.
    participar vt (frml) ( comunicar) <boda/nacimiento> to announce

    tengo que participarles que... — I have to inform you that...

    * * *
    = go into, have + a hand in, involve, participate, take + part, jump in, share in, come into + play, partake (in/of), become + involved.
    Ex. As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.
    Ex. For the benefit of all users of the thesaurus who have not had a hand in its initial compilation some written record describing the anticipated use of the thesaurus is valuable.
    Ex. It recommends the establishment of a centralised Chinese collection by a joint venture involving a charitable trust.
    Ex. The LC has also participated in two co-operative programs for the conversion of printed record to machine-readable form.
    Ex. This article lists committees in whose work Soviet delegates took part and outlines results.
    Ex. The unhappy tendency among teachers -- an occupational neurosis -- is to jump in too early and too often, especially if the talk wanders from direct comments about books under consideration.
    Ex. I am honored to have been invited to share in this most important occasion and to have the opportunity to pay my deep respects to your head of department.
    Ex. There are, of course, all sorts of other considerations which come into play in determining the income which a publisher might obtain from a book.
    Ex. The objective should be to create and entrepreneurial spirit in the midst of bureaucracy whereby all partake in the responsibilities and risks of the library's activities.
    Ex. There he became involved in cataloging problems and participated in their public discussion.
    ----
    * no participar = be out of the picture.
    * no participar en = be uninvolved in, remain + uninvolved in.
    * participar activamente = involve.
    * participar activamente en = engage in.
    * participar con = chime in with.
    * participar de forma activa = involve.
    * participar de forma activa en = engage in.
    * participar de lleno en = become + a stakeholder in.
    * participar de una forma activa = become + involved.
    * participar en = engage in, get + involved with/in, become + (a) part of, join in, become + engaged (in/with), engage with.
    * participar en un debate = participate + discussion.
    * participar por igual en = have + an equal voice in.
    * que participan = at play.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)

    participar (EN algo) — to take part (in something), participate (in something) (frml)

    2) ( en ganancias) to have a share; ( en empresa) to have a stockholding; ( en lotería)
    3) ( compartir) (frml)

    participar DE algo — de una opinión/un sentimiento to share something

    2.
    participar vt (frml) ( comunicar) <boda/nacimiento> to announce

    tengo que participarles que... — I have to inform you that...

    * * *
    = go into, have + a hand in, involve, participate, take + part, jump in, share in, come into + play, partake (in/of), become + involved.

    Ex: As something you may or may not know, every item going into the processing stream is assigned a priority, and our judgment will in many cases be different from yours, as our needs will be different from yours.

    Ex: For the benefit of all users of the thesaurus who have not had a hand in its initial compilation some written record describing the anticipated use of the thesaurus is valuable.
    Ex: It recommends the establishment of a centralised Chinese collection by a joint venture involving a charitable trust.
    Ex: The LC has also participated in two co-operative programs for the conversion of printed record to machine-readable form.
    Ex: This article lists committees in whose work Soviet delegates took part and outlines results.
    Ex: The unhappy tendency among teachers -- an occupational neurosis -- is to jump in too early and too often, especially if the talk wanders from direct comments about books under consideration.
    Ex: I am honored to have been invited to share in this most important occasion and to have the opportunity to pay my deep respects to your head of department.
    Ex: There are, of course, all sorts of other considerations which come into play in determining the income which a publisher might obtain from a book.
    Ex: The objective should be to create and entrepreneurial spirit in the midst of bureaucracy whereby all partake in the responsibilities and risks of the library's activities.
    Ex: There he became involved in cataloging problems and participated in their public discussion.
    * no participar = be out of the picture.
    * no participar en = be uninvolved in, remain + uninvolved in.
    * participar activamente = involve.
    * participar activamente en = engage in.
    * participar con = chime in with.
    * participar de forma activa = involve.
    * participar de forma activa en = engage in.
    * participar de lleno en = become + a stakeholder in.
    * participar de una forma activa = become + involved.
    * participar en = engage in, get + involved with/in, become + (a) part of, join in, become + engaged (in/with), engage with.
    * participar en un debate = participate + discussion.
    * participar por igual en = have + an equal voice in.
    * que participan = at play.

    * * *
    participar [A1 ]
    vi
    A (en un debate, concurso) to take part, participate ( frml)
    no participó en la carrera she did not take part in o run/swim/ride in the race
    diez equipos participaron en el torneo ten teams took part in o played in o participated in the tournament
    participó activamente en la toma de decisiones he took an active part in the decision-making
    los artistas que participan en el espectáculo the artists taking part in o participating in the show
    participaban en la alegría general they shared in the general feeling of happiness
    B
    1 (en ganancias, en un fondo) to have a share
    2 (en una empresa) to have a stockholding o an interest
    3
    (en una lotería): participa con la cantidad de 2 euros en el número 20179 he holds a 2 euro share in ticket number 20179
    C ( frml) participar DE algo ‹de una opinión/un sentimiento› to share sth; ‹de una característica› to share sth
    no participo de su optimismo I do not share his optimism
    ■ participar
    vt
    A ( frml) (comunicar) ‹matrimonio/nacimiento› to announce
    tengo que participarles que … I have to inform you that …
    B
    1 ‹compañía› to have a stockholding o an interest in
    una empresa participada al 50% por Sterosa a company 50% owned by Sterosa
    2 ‹capital› to put up, provide
    * * *

     

    participar ( conjugate participar) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( tomar parte) participar (EN algo) to take part (in sth), participate (in sth) (frml)

    b) participar en algo ( en ganancias) to have a share in sth;

    ( en empresas) to have a stockholding in sth
    participar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 to take part, participate [en, in]
    2 Fin to have shares [en, in]
    3 (compartir) participar de, to share
    II vtr (comunicar) to notify
    ' participar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    consiguientemente
    - esperar
    - intervenir
    - negación
    - derecho
    - tratar
    English:
    contribute
    - form
    - join in
    - joust
    - opt out
    - part
    - participant
    - participate
    - play
    - sit in on
    - disqualify
    - go
    - join
    - keen
    - share
    * * *
    ♦ vi
    1. [colaborar, intervenir] to take part, to participate (en in);
    participaron diez corredores/equipos ten runners/teams took part o participated;
    todo el mundo participó con entusiasmo en la limpieza del río everyone joined in enthusiastically in cleaning up the river
    2. Econ to have a share (en in);
    varias personas participan en la empresa several people have esp Br shares o esp US stock in the company
    3. [recibir] to receive a share (de of);
    todos participan de los beneficios everyone has a share in the profits
    4. [compartir]
    participar de to share;
    no participo de tus ideas I don't share your ideas
    ♦ vt
    1. [comunicar]
    participar algo a alguien to notify o inform sb of sth;
    nos participaron la celebración de la boda we received an announcement of the wedding
    2. Econ
    una empresa participada por varias sociedades a company in which several firms hold equity interests
    * * *
    I v/t una noticia announce
    II v/i take part (en in), participate (en in)
    * * *
    1) : to participate, to take part
    2)
    participar en : to have a share in
    : to announce, to notify
    * * *
    participar vb to take part [pt. took; pp. taken] / to participate

    Spanish-English dictionary > participar

  • 9 vida útil

    f.
    useful life, estimated life, working life, effective life.
    * * *
    (n.) = lifetime [life time], life expectancy, lifespan [life span], useful life, shelf life, service life
    Ex. Bibliography and Library science reflect the changes that took place in Bliss's lifetime.
    Ex. This article discusses the life expectancy of paperback books in academic libraries.
    Ex. This article discusses the lifespan of photographic film and warns about processing and duplicating methods = Este artículo trata de la vida útil de las películas fotográficas y advierte sobre los métodos de procesamiento y duplicado.
    Ex. The method is based on the useful life of books and their original cost.
    Ex. The research concluded that the best way to extend shelf life was by using traditional binding.
    Ex. The author discusses how t might be possible to extrapolate these results to produce estimates of the service life of library books.
    * * *
    (n.) = lifetime [life time], life expectancy, lifespan [life span], useful life, shelf life, service life

    Ex: Bibliography and Library science reflect the changes that took place in Bliss's lifetime.

    Ex: This article discusses the life expectancy of paperback books in academic libraries.
    Ex: This article discusses the lifespan of photographic film and warns about processing and duplicating methods = Este artículo trata de la vida útil de las películas fotográficas y advierte sobre los métodos de procesamiento y duplicado.
    Ex: The method is based on the useful life of books and their original cost.
    Ex: The research concluded that the best way to extend shelf life was by using traditional binding.
    Ex: The author discusses how t might be possible to extrapolate these results to produce estimates of the service life of library books.

    Spanish-English dictionary > vida útil

  • 10 данные

    data, information, results
    данные итоговые — summary, summarizing data
    данные конструктивные — design characteristics, physical characteristics, physical data, physical specifications
    ▪ Chapter 1 outlines the purposes of the radar set, the basic principles of operation, the external appearance of the equipment, and the physical specifications of the components.
    данные контрольных измерений — check measurement results, check measurement data
    данные контрольных испытаний — check test results, check test data
    данные номинальные — nominal data, rated data
    данные общие — general data, general
    данные о поверке измерительных приборов поверочными органами — record of maintenance calibration of measuring instruments by calibration agencies
    данные основные — main data, basic data
    данные перечисленные в... — data set forth in...
    данные по испытаниям — test data; data of test(s)
    данные по консервации — preservation data, processing data, slushing data
    ▪ Another advantage of keeping systematic records of performance and servicing data is that maintenance personnel develop a more rapid familiarization with the equipment involved.
    данные по эксплуатации и ремонту — operation and repair record(s), operation and repair data
    данные проектные, построечные и по испытаниям — design, manufacturing and test data
    данные рабочие — operational data, operating data
    данные табличные — tabulated data, tabular data
    данные тактико-технические [ТТД] — tactical characteristics and specifications, performance data, performance characteristics
    данные технические — engineering data, technical data, technical characteristics, specifications
    ▪ These procedures are applicable to recording and reporting engineering data for design of new equipment, redesign of standard equipment, and product improvement.
    данные технические, проверяемые при эксплуатации — technical data to be checked in service
    данные экспериментальные — test data, experimental data
    данные эксплуатационные — operational data, performance data, operational characteristics
    переписывать данные — to transcribe data, transcribe information
    уточнять данные — to update data, to keep data current
    данные должны содержать... — data should embody...
    Данные о поверке измерительных приборов поверочными органами — Record of Maintenance Calibration of Measuring Instruments by Calibration Agencies
    Технические данные — Technical Characteristics, Technical Data

    Поставки машин и оборудования. Русско-английский словарь > данные

  • 11 обработка наблюдений

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обработка наблюдений

  • 12 libro

    m.
    1 book.
    libro de bolsillo (pocket-sized) paperback
    libro de cabecera bedside book
    libro de cocina cookery book
    libro de consulta reference book
    libro de cuentos storybook
    libro de ejercicios exercise book
    libro electrónico electronic book
    libro de familia = document containing personal details of the members of a family
    libro de reclamaciones complaints book
    libro verde green paper
    2 omasum.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: librar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) book
    2 ZOOLOGÍA third stomach
    1 accounts
    \
    llevar los libros to do the bookkeeping
    libro blanco PLÍTICA white paper
    libro de cabecera (favorito) favourite book 2 (guía) bible
    libro de caja cash-book
    libro de cocina cookery book, recipe book, US cookbook
    libro de consulta reference book
    libro de coro hymn book
    libro de familia book recording details of births, marriages, etc. in a family
    libro de horas book of hours
    libro de reclamaciones complaints book
    libro de texto textbook
    libro de visitas visitors' book
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=obra impresa) book

    libro de cocina — cookery book, cookbook (EEUU)

    libro encuadernado, libro en pasta — hardback (book)

    libro escolar — (=informe) school report; [de texto] schoolbook

    libro mágico, libro móvil — pop-up book

    2) (=registro) book

    llevar los libros — (Com) to keep the books o accounts

    libro de caja — cash book, petty cash book

    libro de familia — booklet containing family details (marriage, births) used for official purposes

    libro de vuelos — (Aer) logbook

    libro genealógico — (Agr) herd-book

    3) (Pol)
    * * *
    1) (Impr) book

    colgar los libro — to quit (AmE) o (BrE) give up studying

    ser (como) un libro abierto: eres un libro abierto — I can read you like a book

    2) libros masculino plural (Fin)
    3) (Lit) ( parte) book
    •
    * * *
    = book, text.
    Ex. A bibliographic data base comprises a set of records which refer to documents (such as books, films, periodical articles or reports).
    Ex. The authors of this work have had experience behind both reference desks and classroom lecterns and have felt strongly the lack of an adequate text on the training and education of the reference librarian.
    ----
    * actitud ante los libros = set about books.
    * acto relacionado con el libro = book event.
    * adicto a los libros = bookaholic.
    * adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.
    * almacén de libros = book-warehouse.
    * amante del libro = book lover [booklover].
    * amor por el libro = book-fancying.
    * anuncio publicitario de un libro = advertising blurb.
    * arte del libro = bookmanship.
    * audiolibro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).
    * bibliotecario encargado de libros raros = rare book libarian.
    * biblioteconomía relacionada con los libros raros = rare book librarianship.
    * cadena del libro, la = book chain, the.
    * caja para transportar libros = book bin.
    * capacidad para libros = book capacity.
    * carrito de los libros = book truck, book trolley.
    * catálogo de libros = booklist [book list].
    * catálogo de libros en venta = publication(s) list.
    * catálogo en forma de libro = bookform catalogue, book catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de libro encuadernado = bound book form catalogue.
    * catálogo impreso en forma de libro = printed book catalogue.
    * ciencia del libro = bookmanship.
    * cinta adhesiva ancha para libros = book tape.
    * colección de libros = book collection.
    * colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.
    * colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.
    * colección de libros donados = gift collection.
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.
    * coleccionista de libros = book-collector.
    * colocador de libros = book shelver, shelver.
    * comercialización del libro = bookselling [book selling].
    * comercio del libro = bookselling [book selling], book trade [booktrade].
    * comercio del libro, el = book business, the.
    * compra de libros = book buying [book-buying], book supply, book purchasing.
    * comprador de libros = book buyer.
    * conciencia del libro = book-consciousness.
    * confección de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * con la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.
    * creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * crisis del libro = book crisis.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * depósito de libros = book depot.
    * deshojar un libro = tear + book.
    * devorador de libros = book-eating.
    * distribuidor de libros = book dealer.
    * donación de libros = gift collection, book endowment, book donation, book gift.
    * edición de libros = book publishing.
    * encuadernación de libros = bookbinding [book-binding].
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.
    * especialista en conservación de libros = book conservation specialist.
    * estantería para libros = book racks.
    * etiqueta identificadora del libro = label.
    * exposición de libros = book display.
    * expositor de libros = book display stand.
    * fabricación de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * feria del libro = book fair.
    * ficha de préstamo del libro = book card [bookcard].
    * formato libro = book form [bookform].
    * Fundación de Libros Panafricanos = Pan-African Book Foundation.
    * gastos de libros = book expenditure.
    * historia del libro = book history.
    * ilustración de libros = book illustration.
    * ilustrador de libros = book illustrator.
    * impresión de libros = book-printing.
    * impresor de libros = bookmaker.
    * índice de libro = book index.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * interesado por los libros = book-conscious.
    * interés por los libros = awareness of books.
    * ISBN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
    * ladrillos y libros = brick and book.
    * lector de libros = book reader.
    * libro antiguo = old book, antiquarian book, rare book.
    * libro azul = Blue book.
    * Libro Blanco = White Paper.
    * libro científico = scientific book, scholarly book.
    * libro comercial = trade book.
    * libro como objeto = book-object.
    * libro con estructura plegable = pop-up book.
    * libro con ilustraciones = picture book.
    * libro conmemorativo = keepsake.
    * libro con precio de venta fijado = net book.
    * libro con precio de venta no fijado = non-net book.
    * libro de arte = art book.
    * libro de artista = livre d'artiste, artist's book.
    * libro de casos prácticos = case book.
    * libro de citas = citator.
    * libro de cocina = book on cookery, cookbook.
    * libro de codificación = codebook.
    * libro de consulta en sala = reserve room book.
    * libro de contabilidad = ledger.
    * libro de cuentas = account book.
    * libro de derecho = law book.
    * libro de divulgación científica = popular science book.
    * libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * libro de empresa = organisation manual.
    * libro de estudio = study book.
    * libro de firmas = guest book [guestbook].
    * libro de historia = history book.
    * libro de hojas de palmera = palm leaf book.
    * libro de honor = guest book [guestbook].
    * libro de jardinería = gardening book.
    * libro de la biblioteca = library book.
    * libro de literatura no ficticia = non-fiction book.
    * libro de lujo = gift book.
    * libro de mayor venta = bestseller [best seller/best-seller].
    * libro de melodías = tunebook.
    * libro de navegación = book of navigation.
    * libro de notas = mark book.
    * libro de orígenes = studbook.
    * libro de pastas amarillas = yellow-back.
    * libro de prácticas = resource book.
    * libro de préstamo vencido = overdue book.
    * libro de recuerdo = keepsake.
    * libro de regalo = gift book.
    * libro de registro = accessions register, accessions book, accessions ledger.
    * libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].
    * libro de reglas de un juego = rulebook.
    * libro de sermones = lectionary.
    * libro de sobremesa = coffee-table book.
    * libro de texto = school book, text, textbook [text book].
    * libro de texto de una asignatura = set course book.
    * libro de texto escolar = school text.
    * libro de viajes = travel book, travelogue [travelog, -USA].
    * libro educativo = educational book.
    * libro electrónico = electronic book (e-book/ebook).
    * libro encuadernado en tapa = hard book cover, hardback cover, hardback book.
    * libro en rústica = paperback, paperback book, paperbound book, trade paperback, pocketbook.
    * libro esencial = bedside book.
    * libro fantasma = dummy book.
    * libro ficticio = dummy book.
    * libro físico = physical book.
    * libro fotolitografiado = photolitho book.
    * libro frágil = brittle book.
    * libro genealógico = studbook.
    * libro grabado en audio = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro hablado = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro homenaje = Festschrift [Festschriften, -pl.], commemorative volume, memorial volume.
    * libro ilustrado = livre d'artiste, illustrated book.
    * libro impreso = press book, printed book.
    * libro impreso en pastas duras = board book.
    * libro infantil = children's book.
    * libro juvenil = young people's book, juvenile book.
    * libro litográfico = lithographed book.
    * libro litúrgico = liturgical work.
    * libro más vendido = bestseller [best seller/best-seller], blockbuster.
    * libro miniatura = miniature book.
    * libro narrativo = fictional book.
    * libro para empollar = crammer.
    * libro parlante = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro prohibido = banned book.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * libro reservado = reserved book.
    * libros = book material.
    * libro sagrado = sacred book, sacred scripture.
    * Libros Americanos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbound Books in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbacks in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Venta = British Books in Print.
    * Libros de Texto para Africa (TAP) = Textbooks for Africa (TAP).
    * libros en venta = books in print.
    * libro sonoro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libros sobre curiosidades = curiosa.
    * libro táctil = tactile book.
    * libro táctil de dibujos = tactile picture book.
    * libro tipográfico = letterpress book.
    * libro trofeo de guerra = trophy book.
    * libro verde = green paper.
    * lista de libros = booklist [book list].
    * lista de libros enviados a encuadernar = bindery list.
    * lomo del libro = book spine.
    * máquina de coser libros = book-sewing machine.
    * maquina de grapar libros = book-stapling machine.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * movimiento de libros = bookshift.
    * mundo del comercio del libro = book-trade life.
    * mundo del libro, el = book world, the.
    * mutilación de libros = book mutilation.
    * no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus pastas = don't judge a book by its cover, don't judge a book by its cover.
    * novelas o libros que se compran en el supermercado = self-help.
    * obsesionado con los libros = bookaholic.
    * obseso con los libros = bookaholic.
    * parásito del libro = book insect.
    * piojo de los libros = booklouse [booklice, -pl.].
    * posesión de libros propios = book ownership.
    * presentación de libros = book talk [booktalk/book-talk].
    * prestamista de libros = book lender.
    * préstamo de libros = book lending, checking out books.
    * prestar un libro = check out + book.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para libros = book budget.
    * proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.
    * producción de libros = book production, book publishing.
    * promoción de libros = book promotion.
    * quema de libros = book burning.
    * que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.
    * recensión de libros = reviewing.
    * relacionado con la promoción de libros = book-promotional.
    * relacionado con los libros = book-related.
    * reproducción ilegal de libros = book piracy.
    * reserva de libro = book reservation.
    * reserva de libros = reserve book room.
    * reservar libros = reserve + books.
    * retirar un libro en préstamo = check out + book.
    * rincón del libro = book corner.
    * robo de libros = book stealing, book theft.
    * sacar libro en préstamo = borrow + book.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * saldo del libro de cuentas = account book balance.
    * sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.
    * seleccionador de libros = book selector.
    * selección de libros = book selection.
    * sello para libros = book stamp.
    * ser como un libro abierto = be an open book.
    * ser un libro abierto = be an open book.
    * servicio de libros a domicilio = homebound service.
    * servicio relacionado con los libros = book service.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sociedad sin libros = bookless society.
    * soporte de libro = book support.
    * suministro de libros = book supply.
    * traslado de libros = bookmove.
    * vale canjeable por un libro = book token.
    * venta de libros = bookselling [book selling].
    * * *
    1) (Impr) book

    colgar los libro — to quit (AmE) o (BrE) give up studying

    ser (como) un libro abierto: eres un libro abierto — I can read you like a book

    2) libros masculino plural (Fin)
    3) (Lit) ( parte) book
    •
    * * *
    = book, text.

    Ex: A bibliographic data base comprises a set of records which refer to documents (such as books, films, periodical articles or reports).

    Ex: The authors of this work have had experience behind both reference desks and classroom lecterns and have felt strongly the lack of an adequate text on the training and education of the reference librarian.
    * actitud ante los libros = set about books.
    * acto relacionado con el libro = book event.
    * adicto a los libros = bookaholic.
    * adquisición de libros = book supply, book purchasing.
    * almacén de libros = book-warehouse.
    * amante del libro = book lover [booklover].
    * amor por el libro = book-fancying.
    * anuncio publicitario de un libro = advertising blurb.
    * arte del libro = bookmanship.
    * audiolibro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * Ayuda Internacional de Libros (BAI) = Book Aid International (BAI).
    * bibliotecario encargado de libros raros = rare book libarian.
    * biblioteconomía relacionada con los libros raros = rare book librarianship.
    * cadena del libro, la = book chain, the.
    * caja para transportar libros = book bin.
    * capacidad para libros = book capacity.
    * carrito de los libros = book truck, book trolley.
    * catálogo de libros = booklist [book list].
    * catálogo de libros en venta = publication(s) list.
    * catálogo en forma de libro = bookform catalogue, book catalogue.
    * catálogo en forma de libro encuadernado = bound book form catalogue.
    * catálogo impreso en forma de libro = printed book catalogue.
    * ciencia del libro = bookmanship.
    * cinta adhesiva ancha para libros = book tape.
    * colección de libros = book collection.
    * colección de libros de derecho en una prisión = prison law library.
    * colección de libros de jardinería = gardening collection.
    * colección de libros donados = gift collection.
    * colección de libros raros = rare book collection, rare collection.
    * coleccionista de libros = book-collector.
    * colocador de libros = book shelver, shelver.
    * comercialización del libro = bookselling [book selling].
    * comercio del libro = bookselling [book selling], book trade [booktrade].
    * comercio del libro, el = book business, the.
    * compra de libros = book buying [book-buying], book supply, book purchasing.
    * comprador de libros = book buyer.
    * conciencia del libro = book-consciousness.
    * confección de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * con la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * con una extensión similar a la de un libro = book-length.
    * creación de los índices de un libro = back-of-the-book indexing, back-of-book indexing.
    * crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.
    * crisis del libro = book crisis.
    * de la extensión de un libro = book-length.
    * depósito de libros = book depot.
    * deshojar un libro = tear + book.
    * devorador de libros = book-eating.
    * distribuidor de libros = book dealer.
    * donación de libros = gift collection, book endowment, book donation, book gift.
    * edición de libros = book publishing.
    * encuadernación de libros = bookbinding [book-binding].
    * en forma de libro = in book form.
    * en formato de libro moderno = in codex form.
    * especialista en conservación de libros = book conservation specialist.
    * estantería para libros = book racks.
    * etiqueta identificadora del libro = label.
    * exposición de libros = book display.
    * expositor de libros = book display stand.
    * fabricación de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * feria del libro = book fair.
    * ficha de préstamo del libro = book card [bookcard].
    * formato libro = book form [bookform].
    * Fundación de Libros Panafricanos = Pan-African Book Foundation.
    * gastos de libros = book expenditure.
    * historia del libro = book history.
    * ilustración de libros = book illustration.
    * ilustrador de libros = book illustrator.
    * impresión de libros = book-printing.
    * impresor de libros = bookmaker.
    * índice de libro = book index.
    * industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.
    * industria del libro = book industry.
    * industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.
    * interesado por los libros = book-conscious.
    * interés por los libros = awareness of books.
    * ISBN (Número Internacional Normalizado para Libros) = ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
    * ladrillos y libros = brick and book.
    * lector de libros = book reader.
    * libro antiguo = old book, antiquarian book, rare book.
    * libro azul = Blue book.
    * Libro Blanco = White Paper.
    * libro científico = scientific book, scholarly book.
    * libro comercial = trade book.
    * libro como objeto = book-object.
    * libro con estructura plegable = pop-up book.
    * libro con ilustraciones = picture book.
    * libro conmemorativo = keepsake.
    * libro con precio de venta fijado = net book.
    * libro con precio de venta no fijado = non-net book.
    * libro de arte = art book.
    * libro de artista = livre d'artiste, artist's book.
    * libro de casos prácticos = case book.
    * libro de citas = citator.
    * libro de cocina = book on cookery, cookbook.
    * libro de codificación = codebook.
    * libro de consulta en sala = reserve room book.
    * libro de contabilidad = ledger.
    * libro de cuentas = account book.
    * libro de derecho = law book.
    * libro de divulgación científica = popular science book.
    * libro de ejercicios = workbook [work-book].
    * libro de empresa = organisation manual.
    * libro de estudio = study book.
    * libro de firmas = guest book [guestbook].
    * libro de historia = history book.
    * libro de hojas de palmera = palm leaf book.
    * libro de honor = guest book [guestbook].
    * libro de jardinería = gardening book.
    * libro de la biblioteca = library book.
    * libro de literatura no ficticia = non-fiction book.
    * libro de lujo = gift book.
    * libro de mayor venta = bestseller [best seller/best-seller].
    * libro de melodías = tunebook.
    * libro de navegación = book of navigation.
    * libro de notas = mark book.
    * libro de orígenes = studbook.
    * libro de pastas amarillas = yellow-back.
    * libro de prácticas = resource book.
    * libro de préstamo vencido = overdue book.
    * libro de recuerdo = keepsake.
    * libro de regalo = gift book.
    * libro de registro = accessions register, accessions book, accessions ledger.
    * libro de registro de entrada y salida de cartas = letterbook [letter book].
    * libro de reglas de un juego = rulebook.
    * libro de sermones = lectionary.
    * libro de sobremesa = coffee-table book.
    * libro de texto = school book, text, textbook [text book].
    * libro de texto de una asignatura = set course book.
    * libro de texto escolar = school text.
    * libro de viajes = travel book, travelogue [travelog, -USA].
    * libro educativo = educational book.
    * libro electrónico = electronic book (e-book/ebook).
    * libro encuadernado en tapa = hard book cover, hardback cover, hardback book.
    * libro en rústica = paperback, paperback book, paperbound book, trade paperback, pocketbook.
    * libro esencial = bedside book.
    * libro fantasma = dummy book.
    * libro ficticio = dummy book.
    * libro físico = physical book.
    * libro fotolitografiado = photolitho book.
    * libro frágil = brittle book.
    * libro genealógico = studbook.
    * libro grabado en audio = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro hablado = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro homenaje = Festschrift [Festschriften, -pl.], commemorative volume, memorial volume.
    * libro ilustrado = livre d'artiste, illustrated book.
    * libro impreso = press book, printed book.
    * libro impreso en pastas duras = board book.
    * libro infantil = children's book.
    * libro juvenil = young people's book, juvenile book.
    * libro litográfico = lithographed book.
    * libro litúrgico = liturgical work.
    * libro más vendido = bestseller [best seller/best-seller], blockbuster.
    * libro miniatura = miniature book.
    * libro narrativo = fictional book.
    * libro para empollar = crammer.
    * libro parlante = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libro prohibido = banned book.
    * libro raro = rare book.
    * libro reservado = reserved book.
    * libros = book material.
    * libro sagrado = sacred book, sacred scripture.
    * Libros Americanos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbound Books in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Rústica en Venta = Paperbacks in Print.
    * Libros Británicos en Venta = British Books in Print.
    * Libros de Texto para Africa (TAP) = Textbooks for Africa (TAP).
    * libros en venta = books in print.
    * libro sonoro = talking book, audiobook [audio book].
    * libros sobre curiosidades = curiosa.
    * libro táctil = tactile book.
    * libro táctil de dibujos = tactile picture book.
    * libro tipográfico = letterpress book.
    * libro trofeo de guerra = trophy book.
    * libro verde = green paper.
    * lista de libros = booklist [book list].
    * lista de libros enviados a encuadernar = bindery list.
    * lomo del libro = book spine.
    * máquina de coser libros = book-sewing machine.
    * maquina de grapar libros = book-stapling machine.
    * mercado del libro, el = book market, the.
    * movimiento de libros = bookshift.
    * mundo del comercio del libro = book-trade life.
    * mundo del libro, el = book world, the.
    * mutilación de libros = book mutilation.
    * no debes juzgar un libro por el color de sus pastas = don't judge a book by its cover, don't judge a book by its cover.
    * novelas o libros que se compran en el supermercado = self-help.
    * obsesionado con los libros = bookaholic.
    * obseso con los libros = bookaholic.
    * parásito del libro = book insect.
    * piojo de los libros = booklouse [booklice, -pl.].
    * posesión de libros propios = book ownership.
    * presentación de libros = book talk [booktalk/book-talk].
    * prestamista de libros = book lender.
    * préstamo de libros = book lending, checking out books.
    * prestar un libro = check out + book.
    * presupuesto para la compra de libros = book funds [bookfunds].
    * presupuesto para libros = book budget.
    * proceso técnico del libro = book preparation, book processing.
    * producción de libros = book production, book publishing.
    * promoción de libros = book promotion.
    * quema de libros = book burning.
    * que no es libro de texto = non-textbook.
    * recensión de libros = reviewing.
    * relacionado con la promoción de libros = book-promotional.
    * relacionado con los libros = book-related.
    * reproducción ilegal de libros = book piracy.
    * reserva de libro = book reservation.
    * reserva de libros = reserve book room.
    * reservar libros = reserve + books.
    * retirar un libro en préstamo = check out + book.
    * rincón del libro = book corner.
    * robo de libros = book stealing, book theft.
    * sacar libro en préstamo = borrow + book.
    * sala de libros raros = rare book room.
    * saldo del libro de cuentas = account book balance.
    * sección de libros en rústica = paperback rack.
    * seleccionador de libros = book selector.
    * selección de libros = book selection.
    * sello para libros = book stamp.
    * ser como un libro abierto = be an open book.
    * ser un libro abierto = be an open book.
    * servicio de libros a domicilio = homebound service.
    * servicio relacionado con los libros = book service.
    * sistema antirrobo de libros = book security system, library security system.
    * sistema de detección de libros = book detection system.
    * sociedad sin libros = bookless society.
    * soporte de libro = book support.
    * suministro de libros = book supply.
    * traslado de libros = bookmove.
    * vale canjeable por un libro = book token.
    * venta de libros = bookselling [book selling].

    * * *
    A ( Impr) book
    un libro de arquitectura/sobre el imperio romano a book on architecture/on the Roman Empire
    un libro de cocina a cookbook, a cookery book ( BrE)
    hablar como un libro (abierto) (con afectación) to use high-flown o highfalutin language; (con sensatez) to talk sense, know what one is talking about
    perder los libros to lose one's touch, lose the knack ( colloq)
    sabérselas por libro ( Chi); to know every trick in the book, know what one is talking about/doing
    ser (como) un libro abierto to be an open book
    no intentes negarlo, eres un libro abierto don't try to deny it, I can read you like a book o you're an open book
    1 ( Fin):
    llevaba los libro de la empresa I was keeping the books o doing the bookkeeping for the company
    2
    (lectura): no le gustan los libros he doesn't like reading
    colgar los libro to quit ( AmE) o ( BrE) give up studying
    C ( Lit) (parte) book
    Compuestos:
    pop-up book
    (preparado — por el gobierno) consultation document, white paper ( BrE); (— por una organización independiente) report, consultation document
    minute book
    paperback
    cashbook
    reference book
    ● libro de contabilidad or cuentas
    ledger
    book of short stories
    school record
    style guide
    booklet recording details of one's marriage, children's birthdates, etc
    instruction manual
    reader
    teacher's book
    prayer book
    order book
    poetry book, book of poems
    new title
    complaints book
    register
    hardback
    textbook
    travel guide
    visitors' book; guest book
    daybook
    stock book
    ● libro mágico or mecánico or móvil
    pop-up book
    general ledger
    * * *

     

    Del verbo librar: ( conjugate librar)

    libro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    libró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    librar    
    libro
    librar ( conjugate librar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( liberar) libro a algn de algo ‹ de peligro› to save sb from sth;
    ‹de obligación/responsabilidad› to free sb from sth;
    ◊ ¡Dios nos libre! God forbid!

    2 ‹batalla/combate› to fight
    librarse verbo pronominal:

    librose de algo ‹de tarea/obligación› to get out of sth;
    librose de un castigo to escape punishment;
    se libró de tener que ayudarlo she got out of having to help him;
    se libroon de morir asfixiados they escaped being suffocated;
    librose de algn to get rid of sb
    libro sustantivo masculino (Impr) book;
    un libro de cocina a cookbook;
    llevar los libros (Fin) to do the bookkeeping;
    libro de bolsillo paperback;
    libro de consulta reference book;
    libro de escolaridad school record;
    libro de familia booklet recording details of one's marriage, children's birthdates, etc;
    libro de texto textbook
    librar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to free: me libró de un castigo, she let me off from a punishment
    2 (una orden de pago) to draw
    II vi (tener el día libre) libra los fines de semana, he has weekends off
    libro sustantivo masculino book
    Fin libro de cuentas, account book
    Educ libro de texto, textbook

    ' libro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abajo
    - abarquillarse
    - agotada
    - agotado
    - analogía
    - apaisada
    - apaisado
    - apéndice
    - atravesarse
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bastante
    - bien
    - bolsillo
    - cabecera
    - capítulo
    - censurar
    - cepillarse
    - cita
    - congratularse
    - cualquiera
    - cuerpo
    - curiosidad
    - datar
    - de
    - decir
    - deformación
    - desastre
    - desgraciada
    - desgraciado
    - devolver
    - diente
    - divertida
    - divertido
    - divulgación
    - edición
    - ejemplar
    - empalagosa
    - empalagoso
    - encuadernación
    - entender
    - feria
    - ficha
    - grabada
    - grabado
    - guía
    - hincar
    - hoja
    - homenaje
    - ilustrar
    English:
    about
    - above
    - abridged
    - acknowledgement
    - annual
    - appearance
    - audio
    - autograph
    - back
    - base
    - bash out
    - be
    - bed
    - bind
    - blockbuster
    - body
    - book
    - bookmark
    - bookrack
    - bore
    - boring
    - bound
    - bring out
    - browse
    - capture
    - chapter
    - coda
    - come out
    - content
    - cookbook
    - cookery book
    - copy
    - cover
    - crease
    - deadly
    - deal with
    - dedication
    - derivative
    - diary
    - dip into
    - dull
    - early
    - edit
    - editor
    - entitle
    - escape
    - exemplify
    - exploit
    - extract
    - fall
    * * *
    libro nm
    1. [impreso] book;
    un libro de aventuras a book of adventure stories;
    hablar como un libro to express oneself very clearly;
    Fam
    ser (como) un libro abierto to be an open book
    libro de bolsillo (pocket-sized) paperback;
    libro de cabecera bedside book;
    libro de canciones song book;
    libro de cocina cookbook, Br cookery book;
    libro de consulta reference book;
    libro de cuentos storybook;
    libro electrónico electronic book;
    libro de estilo style guide;
    libro de himnos hymn book;
    libro de instrucciones instruction book o manual;
    Rel libro sagrado Book [in Bible];
    libro de texto textbook;
    libro de viajes travel book
    2. Pol paper
    libro blanco white paper;
    libro verde green paper
    3. [registro] book;
    llevar los libros to keep the books
    Com libro de caja cashbook; Com libro de contabilidad accounts book; Educ libro de escolaridad = book containing a complete record of a pupil's academic results throughout his or her time at school;
    libro de familia = document containing personal details of the members of a family;
    libro de oro visitors' book [for important guests];
    libro de pedidos order book;
    libro de reclamaciones complaints book;
    libro de visitas visitors' book
    4. Fin libro diario [para transacciones] journal, day book
    * * *
    m book;
    colgar los libros quit studying;
    hablar como un libro talk like a book, use highfalutin language
    * * *
    libro nm
    1) : book
    libro de texto: textbook
    2) libros nmpl
    : books (in bookkeeping), accounts
    llevar los libros: to keep the books
    * * *
    libro n book

    Spanish-English dictionary > libro

  • 13 repetición

    f.
    1 repetition, reiteration.
    2 rerun, re-run.
    3 redundance.
    4 recurrence, recursion.
    * * *
    1 (gen) repetition
    2 (de programa) repeat
    \
    arma de repetición repeater, repeating firearm
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=acción) repetition; (=reaparición) recurrence
    2) (Teat) encore
    3)
    * * *
    1) (de hecho, palabra) repetition
    2) ( de programa) repeat, rerun; ( de experimento) repetition

    una repetición de las jugadas más importantes — (TV) edited highlights of the game

    * * *
    = duplication, iteration, playback, redundancy, regurgitation, repeat, repetition, replay, restatement, recapitulation, recurrence, reiteration, replication, reprise, rerun.
    Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.
    Ex. Any MeSH terms used to describe the documents retrieved are incorporated into the query formulation for further iteration.
    Ex. So, any recording and playback system for TV signal must follow one or another, or several of these standards, and thus be either incompatible or costly.
    Ex. UNIBID has less redundancy and covers more types of bibliographic material than UNIMARC, whereas the latter probably has more entry points for catalogue headings.
    Ex. Many other terms are used to denote a regurgitation or abbreviation of document content.
    Ex. A repeat of this sequence of operations will be responsible for creating other references.
    Ex. To save unnecessary repetition of the word 'subject' we shall from now on refer to subject indexing simply as 'indexing'.
    Ex. These evaluation techniques include full-screen logging, pre- and post-search, online/offline, and in-search interactive questionnaires, search replays as well as talk-aloud.
    Ex. A summary is a restatement, within the document, of the salient findings and conclusions of a document.
    Ex. Here again the contributors are leading scholars, but in this case the emphasis is upon analysis and interpretation rather than factual recapitulation.
    Ex. One of the more surprising findings in the information sciences is the recurrence of a small number of frequency distributions.
    Ex. However, the importance of the catalog has been stressed so repeatedly in cataloging that it should not need reiteration.
    Ex. In spite of diversity there is sufficient overlap and replication of materials for some centralised purchasing and centralised processing to be justifiable.
    Ex. That approach will be in many ways a reprise of the history of libraries.
    Ex. Ultimately, this film is just a land-bound rerun of Jaws, down to the sacrifice of the grizzled, expert hunter so the younger, more clean-cut, family man can face his own fears and prove his prowess.
    ----
    * repetición de cursos = grade retention.
    * * *
    1) (de hecho, palabra) repetition
    2) ( de programa) repeat, rerun; ( de experimento) repetition

    una repetición de las jugadas más importantes — (TV) edited highlights of the game

    * * *
    = duplication, iteration, playback, redundancy, regurgitation, repeat, repetition, replay, restatement, recapitulation, recurrence, reiteration, replication, reprise, rerun.

    Ex: A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.

    Ex: Any MeSH terms used to describe the documents retrieved are incorporated into the query formulation for further iteration.
    Ex: So, any recording and playback system for TV signal must follow one or another, or several of these standards, and thus be either incompatible or costly.
    Ex: UNIBID has less redundancy and covers more types of bibliographic material than UNIMARC, whereas the latter probably has more entry points for catalogue headings.
    Ex: Many other terms are used to denote a regurgitation or abbreviation of document content.
    Ex: A repeat of this sequence of operations will be responsible for creating other references.
    Ex: To save unnecessary repetition of the word 'subject' we shall from now on refer to subject indexing simply as 'indexing'.
    Ex: These evaluation techniques include full-screen logging, pre- and post-search, online/offline, and in-search interactive questionnaires, search replays as well as talk-aloud.
    Ex: A summary is a restatement, within the document, of the salient findings and conclusions of a document.
    Ex: Here again the contributors are leading scholars, but in this case the emphasis is upon analysis and interpretation rather than factual recapitulation.
    Ex: One of the more surprising findings in the information sciences is the recurrence of a small number of frequency distributions.
    Ex: However, the importance of the catalog has been stressed so repeatedly in cataloging that it should not need reiteration.
    Ex: In spite of diversity there is sufficient overlap and replication of materials for some centralised purchasing and centralised processing to be justifiable.
    Ex: That approach will be in many ways a reprise of the history of libraries.
    Ex: Ultimately, this film is just a land-bound rerun of Jaws, down to the sacrifice of the grizzled, expert hunter so the younger, more clean-cut, family man can face his own fears and prove his prowess.
    * repetición de cursos = grade retention.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de una pregunta, palabra) repetition
    para evitar repeticiones so as not to repeat myself, so as to avoid repetition
    2 (de un sueño, fenómeno) recurrence
    la repetición de este tema en su obra the recurrence of this theme in his work
    B (de un programa) repeat; (de un experimento) repetition, rerun
    una repetición de las jugadas más importantes (TV) edited highlights of the game
    * * *

    repetición sustantivo femenino
    a) (de experimento, palabra) repetition;

    (de un sueño, fenómeno) recurrence

    repetición sustantivo femenino
    1 repetition
    (en un teléfono) repetición de llamada, redial
    2 TV (de una escena deportiva) replay
    ' repetición' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    canción
    - volver
    - retransmisión
    - tras
    English:
    action replay
    - and
    - encore
    - every
    - instant replay
    - pardon
    - parrot-fashion
    - recurrence
    - repeat
    - repetition
    - replay
    - action
    - instant
    * * *
    [de acción, dicho] repetition; [de programa] repeat;
    una repetición de los resultados de 2002 a repeat of the 2002 results;
    la repetición (de la jugada) the (Br action o US instant) replay;
    fusil de repetición repeater, repeating firearm
    * * *
    f repetition
    * * *
    1) : repetition
    2) : rerun, repeat
    * * *
    repetición n repetition

    Spanish-English dictionary > repetición

  • 14 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 15 обработка результатов эксперимента

    2) Metallurgy: handling of results

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обработка результатов эксперимента

  • 16 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

    Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:
    IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysis
    JAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
    SE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)
    PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    PQ - Psychoanalytic Quarterly
    WAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)
    PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)
    \
    О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts
    \
    1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.
    2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.
    3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.
    5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.
    6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.
    7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.
    8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.
    9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.
    10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.
    11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.
    12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.
    14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.
    15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.
    16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.
    17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
    18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.
    19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.
    20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.
    21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.
    22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.
    23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.
    24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.
    25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.
    27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.
    28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.
    29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.
    31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.
    32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.
    33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.
    34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.
    36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.
    37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.
    38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.
    39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.
    40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.
    41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).
    42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.
    43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.
    44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.
    45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.
    47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.
    48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.
    49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.
    50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.
    51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.
    52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.
    53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.
    54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.
    55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.
    56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.
    57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.
    58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.
    59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.
    60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.
    61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.
    62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.
    63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.
    64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.
    65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.
    66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.
    67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.
    68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.
    69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.
    70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.
    71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.
    72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.
    73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.
    74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.
    75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.
    76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.
    77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).
    78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.
    79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.
    80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.
    81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.
    82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.
    83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.
    84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.
    85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.
    86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.
    88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.
    89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.
    90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.
    91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.
    92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.
    93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.
    94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.
    95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.
    96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
    97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.
    98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.
    99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.
    100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.
    101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.
    102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.
    103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.
    104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.
    105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.
    106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.
    107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).
    109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.
    110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.
    111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.
    112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.
    113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.
    114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.
    115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.
    116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.
    117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.
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    Словарь психоаналитических терминов и понятий > БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ

  • 17 необходимо учесть

    •

    In the comparison of these results, consideration must be given to the temperature differences (or the temperature differences must be taken into account).

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > необходимо учесть

  • 18 обработка экспериментальных результатов

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > обработка экспериментальных результатов

  • 19 прежде всего

    Прежде всего - first; first of all; in the first place; first and foremost; above all (когда речь идет об одном из вариантов)
     The results show first that, as in the Group 1 tests, the applied force does not appear to influence the wear rate.
     First of all, the general level of enhancement increases as the Reynolds number increases.
     The solution to tube failure due to internal deposition is to prevent the deposits from occurring in the first place.
     First and foremost, the entire steel industry must substantially increase profits to at least 6% of sales.
     Let us note how the introduction of new programming languages, LISP above all, greatly contributed to the progress in natural language processing.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > прежде всего

  • 20 привлекать к работе над

    Привлекать к работе над-- In order to evaluate the Skylab results and to plan for future space processing programs a few fluid dynamicists were exposed to the problems. (... к работе над этими проблемами были привлечены специалисты по гидродинамике)

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > привлекать к работе над

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